Evidence

“Evidence, as used in judicial proceeding, has several meanings. The two mainsenses of the word are: firstly, the mean apart of aguement and inference, whereby the court if informed as to the issues of fact as ascertained by the pleadings; secondly, the subject matter of such means. The word is also use to denote that some fact maybe admited as proof and also in some cases that some fact has relevant to the issues of fact”. Sir Roland Burrows

By Sir Roland Burrows theres are important aspects that must be considered in evidence, that is:
1. Wheter old
2. Testimony
3. Documentary or real

But, Milton C. Jacobs had different arguement about evidence
“the object of evidence is to inform the trial tribunal of the material facts, which are relevant as bearing upon the issues, in order that the truth maybe elicited and a just determination of the controversy reached”

Milton C. Jacobs saw there is two evidentiary purpose:
1. To reach the truth
2. To make decision

From both of opinions writter can conclude that evidence is an attempt by the parties to resolve the dispute to give certainty of the truth of certain laws, using evidence prescribed by the law so it can produce a determination or rulling by court.

Principles of the law of evidence

a.      The Principle of Audi Et Alteram Partem

A judge must hear both of problematic sides

b.      The Principle of Ius Curia Novit

Every judge knows the law considered it examines, judges should not be deciding the case on the grounds do not know the law.

c.       The Principle of Nemo Testis Indoneus In Propria Causa

No one should be a witness in its own case

d.      The Principle of Ultra Ne Petita

The judge may only be granted in accordance demanded

e.       The Principle of De Gustibus Non Est Dispuntandum

The Jugde decide the case based only on evidence

f.       The Principle of Nemo Plus Juris Tranferre Potest Quam Ipse Habet

This principle determines that no person may transfer more rights than he has

Perbedaan Antara Gugatan dan Permohonan

Gugatan	Permohonan
Terdapat konflik kepentingan antara pihak satu dengan pihak lain	Kepentingan sepihak dan tidak ada kepentingan pihak lain
Pihaknya terdiri dari: Orang yang melakukan gugatan disebut penggugat sedangkan orang yang digugat disebut tergugat	Pihaknya hanya terdiri dari datu pihak yaitu pemohon
Adanya sengketa	Tanpa sengketa
Pihak ketiga dapat ditarik sebagai lawan	Tidak ada pihak ketiga yang ditarik sebagai lawan
Tersedianya upaya banding dan kasasi untuk memeriksa putusan	Tidak dapat dilakukan upaya banding maupun kasasi
Produk yang dikeluarkan oleh putusan pengadilan	Produk yang ditetapkan adalah penetapan pengadilan
Disebut gugatan contentiosa atau gugatan sebenarnya	Disebut gugatan voluntair atau gugatan sukarela
Sebelum upaya pembuktian terdapat acara jawab-menjawab, bantah-membantah diantara kedua belah pihak, baru kemudian diadakan pemeriksaan bukti – bukti	Tidak ada upaya jawab-menjawab, bantah-membantah, melainkan hanya pembuktian
Tersedianya upaya hukum banding dan juga kasasi	Tidak tersedianya upaya hukum banding, melainkan hanya kasasi
Contoh gugatan: Gugatan sengketa warisan, sengketa hak milik, kepailitan, penyalahgunaan wewenang panguasa, gugatan wanprestasi, gugatan ganti rugi, dan lain-lain	Contoh permohonan: Permohonan izin poligami, permohonan izin melangsungkan perkawinan, dan lain-lain